FOREWORD ABBREVIATIONS HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOK 1 INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW: CONTEXT, EVOLUTION AND KEY PRINCIPLES
1.1. Context and background to European non-discrimination law
Key points
1.1.1. Council of Europe: development of non-discrimination law
Key point
1.1.2. European Union: development of non-discrimination law
Key points
1.1.3. European non-discrimination law and UN human rights treaties
Key points
1.2. Who receives protection under European non-discrimination law?
Key points
1.3. Scope of the ECHR: Article 14 and Protocol No. 12
Key points
1.3.1. Rights covered by the ECHR
1.3.2. Scope of ECHR rights
1.3.3. Protocol No. 12 to the ECHR
1.4. Scope of EU non-discrimination law
Key points
2 DISCRIMINATION CATEGORIES
Key point
2.1. Direct discrimination
Key points
2.1.1. Less favourable treatment
2.1.2. A comparator
2.1.3. Causation
2.1.4. Discrimination by association
2.2. Indirect discrimination
Key points
2.2.1. A neutral rule, criterion or practice
2.2.2. Significantly more negative in its effects on a protected group
2.2.3. A comparator
2.3. Multiple and intersectional discrimination
Key points
2.4. Harassment and instruction to discriminate
2.4.1. Harassment and instruction to discriminate under the EU non-discrimination directives
Key point
2.4.2. Harassment and instruction to discriminate under the ECHR and ESC
2.5. Special or specific measures
Key points
2.6. Hate crime
Key point
2.7. Hate speech
Key point
3 JUSTIFICATION FOR LESS FAVOURABLE TREATMENT UNDER EUROPEAN NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW
3.1. Application of objective justification under ECHR
Key points
3.2. Application of the objective justification under EU law
Key point
3.3. Specific grounds of justification under EU law
Key points
3.3.1. Genuine occupational requirement
3.3.2. Religious institutions
3.3.3. Exceptions on the basis of age
4 SELECTED AREAS OF PROTECTION Key point
4.1. Employment
4.2. Access to welfare and social security
4.3. Education
4.4. Access to supply of goods and services, including housing
4.5. Access to justice
4.6. The ‘personal’ sphere: private and family life, adoption, home and marriage
4.7. Political participation: freedom of expression, assembly and association, and free elections
4.8. Criminal law matters
5 PROTECTED GROUNDS Key points
5.1. Sex
5.2. Gender identity
Key points
5.3. Sexual orientation
5.4. Disability
5.5. Age
5.6. Race, ethnicity, colour and membership of a national minority
5.7. Nationality or national origin
Key points
5.8. Religion or belief
5.9. Social origin, birth and property
5.10. Language
5.11. Political or other opinion
5.12. ‘Other status’
6 PROCEDURAL ISSUES IN NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW Key points
6.1. Shifting the burden of proof
6.2. Circumstances irrelevant for the finding of discrimination
6.3. Role of statistics and other data
6.4. Enforcement of non-discrimination law
Key points
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